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1. Inkjet Printer

Tony Hoffman The Best Inkjet Printers for 2019 Inkjet printers can produce outstanding photos, crisp multi-page office documents, and everything in between. Find your ideal inkjet with these handy shopping tips and our top-rated reviews.Know Your InkjetsIs an inkjet in your future? You can find the technology in a huge variety of single-function and all-in-ones designed to fill a wide variety of roles at home or at the office. Here, we'll explore the different types of inkjets, and highlight some key features to look for when shopping for one. Photo PrintingNearly any current inkjet can print photos that at least match the quality you'd expect from your local drugstore. The few exceptions are primarily among printers aimed at offices, but most office inkjets do a decent job.

You can even find a few all-purpose inkjets whose output rivals photo printers meant for professional photographers.If you're looking for a home printer to output mainly photos, but also be capable of printing a range of other document types, you will definitely want an inkjet. Printers meant for home use fall into two categories: inexpensive models that typically cost far less than $100 for single-function printers and $150 or less for MFPs; and highly photo-centric printers, with prices of $150 or more for single-function models and $300 or more for MFPs.The inkjets in the first category often include limited photo-centric features, like the ability to print directly from memory cards and PictBridge-enabled cameras.

Inkjets in the more expensive category are photo-centric to the point where you can effectively use the single-purpose printers as simple photo kiosks and the all-in-ones as standalone photo labs. They typically come with relatively large LCDs for previewing photos, and often have touch screens for giving commands. MFPs in this price range add the ability to scan 35mm film and print high-quality photos directly from slides, negatives, prints, memory cards, and cameras. Less common features include a built-in optical drive to let you store images to or print from discs, and the ability to print labels directly onto optical discs.At the high end of the photo-centric models are near-dedicated photo printers. They are single-function machines that—although they can print text and graphics—excel at printing high-quality photos. The more expensive prosumer and professional models are capable of outputting gallery-quality prints.

They have multiple ink tanks (we've reviewed models with as many as 12), with each tank holding a different color. Adding extra colors can improve the vividness of prints.

For example, some models include more than one type of black ink and several shades of gray, making them particularly adept at printing monochrome images. Generally, the higher-priced models have per volume (milliliter) of ink.

They are large machines, and many can print at up to super-tabloid (13-by-19-inch) size. Some, especially the professional models, can print from both sheets and paper rolls. Although some dedicated, small-format photo printers, which print nothing but 4-by-6-inch, 5-by-7-inch, and/or other small-size photo prints, use thermal-dye technology, many are inkjets. In buying one, there are several things to consider. For instance, if you plan to print at events where you may not have easy access to an electrical outlet, you'll want to get a model with a rechargeable battery (either standard or as an option).

For those who don't want to connect their camera to the printer, multiple ports, such as media card slots and USB ports that take flash drives, are must-have features. Lastly, print size should be taken into account, as some dedicated photo printers don't produce output in the traditional 4-by-6 or 5-by-7 variety that you can get at drugstores, and few, if any, dedicated photo printers can go any larger. ConnectivityInkjets offer a wide range of connection choices. A few budget models offer only USB, often coupled with a low paper capacity, and are a good choice if you're in the market for a light-duty personal printer, either in an office or at home. Many inkjets for both home and businesses add Ethernet ports.If you're interested in printing wirelessly, the good news is that nearly all inkjets today come with 802.11 Wi-Fi standard.

The ability to support wireless printing from mobile devices is of growing importance to both businesses and consumers. Many manufacturers offer free printing apps that are compatible with their.Some models support Wi-Fi Direct (or its equivalent) and/or near-field communication (NFC), both of which allow for direct peer-to-peer connection between the printer and a compatible device without the need of a network. In the case of NFC, the connection is made simply by touching the device to a certain spot on, or even bringing it into close proximity to, the printer.Duty Cycles and Paper CapacityWhile the majority of inkjet printers can be found mainly in a home or a home office, inkjet technology is showing up in more and more business-oriented models meant for heavier-duty printing, including high-end ones that can rival in speed. They tend to do this by using print heads that run the full width of a page. Although their maximum monthly duty cycles still fall short of heavy-duty lasers, higher-end inkjets are still capable of handling the printing needs (and, in the case of MFPs, copying, scanning, and faxing as well) of many workgroups and small offices. Still, many inkjets don't even have a published duty cycle, and for those that do, the ratings are generally laughably low compared with lasers, often measured in a few thousand pages over the lifetime of the printer.

The maximum paper capacity in inkjets is often as low as 100 sheets, and rarely more than 300, except in the case of higher-end office models. If your printing needs are strictly light-duty, a budget model with a low paper capacity should suffice.

Inkjets for the OfficeOffice-oriented inkjets include the few single-function printers and MFPs designed for relatively heavy-duty printing, as well as those that have office-centric features. For instance, they can work as standalone fax machines; fax directly from your PC's hard drive; and scan to email easily, using your PC's email program and automatically adding the scan as an attachment.Office MFPs add an automatic document feeder (ADF) for easy scanning, faxing, and copying of multipage documents. Some ADFs can scan both sides of a page.

Of those, duplexing scanners, which scan both sides of a page at once, are much faster than models with duplexing or reversing ADFs (two names for the same thing), which scan one side, flip the page over, and then scan the other.Office MFPs generally offer paper capacities of 200 sheets or more. Should you want to print two-sided documents, you'll want a model with an auto-duplexer.

Get a model with two paper trays if you want the ability to print with two types or size of paper without having to remove and replace the paper each time you make a switch. A few office inkjets support printing at up to tabloid size, letting you get all those spreadsheet columns onto a single page.Specialty Inkjet Printers.

Inkjets are the only kind of printer with models for mobile use (other than a few thermal-dye printers that need special thermal paper) and with all-in-one models meant specifically for the dual role of home and home office. If you're looking to print documents while on the road, you'll definitely want a mobile inkjet.

Mobile printers typically have low paper capacities, but make few other compromises. They tend to cost more than comparable non-mobile inkjets, however, with prices averaging about $250.Dual-purpose MFPs combine office-centric and photo-centric features.

To help keep prices down despite all the features, some, but not all, cut corners on paper handling and speed. These are a good fit if you need a single printer for your home and home office, with extra functions like faxing, but don't usually print many pages. Pros: Small and spiffy. Voice control with supported smart home UIs.

IFTTT scripting for extending smart capabilities. Impressive print quality. Competitive ink costs with Instant Ink, plus free snapshot printing from your smartphone.Cons: Borderless prints limited to 5-by-7-inch. Single, small paper input. 'Scans' and 'copies' only via smartphone.Bottom Line: HP's Tango X 'smart printer,' the first we've tested with voice activation and smart home features, is all about printing from mobile devices. It's not perfect, but given its unique free-snapshot printing angle, it will be a tough act for future models to follow.

.Inkjet printing is a type of that recreates a by propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer, and range from small inexpensive consumer models to expensive professional machines.The concept of inkjet printing originated in the 20th century, and the technology was first extensively developed in the early 1950s. Starting in the late 1970s, inkjet printers that could generated by computers were developed, mainly by, (HP). In the worldwide consumer market, four manufacturers account for the majority of inkjet printer sales: Canon, HP, Epson and.The emerging market also uses inkjet technologies, typically printheads using crystals, to deposit materials directly on substrates.The technology has been extended and the 'ink' can now also comprise in, or living cells, for creating and for.Images produced on inkjet printers are sometime sold under other names since the term is associated with words like 'digital', 'computers', and 'everyday printing', which can have negative connotations in some contexts. These or are usually used in the fine arts reproduction field. They include, (or ),. Schematic diagram of a continuous inkjet printing processThe continuous inkjet (CIJ) method is used commercially for marking and coding of products and packages.

In 1867, patented the, which recorded telegraph signals as a continuous trace on paper using an ink jet nozzle deflected by a magnetic coil. The first commercial devices (medical strip ) were introduced in 1951 by.In CIJ technology, a high-pressure pump directs liquid ink from a reservoir through a gunbody and a microscopic nozzle, creating a continuous stream of ink droplets via the. A piezoelectric crystal creates an acoustic wave as it vibrates within the gunbody and causes the stream of liquid to break into droplets at regular intervals: 64,000 to 165,000 droplets per second may be achieved. The ink droplets are subjected to an electrostatic field created by a charging electrode as they form; the field varies according to the degree of drop deflection desired. This results in a controlled, variable electrostatic charge on each droplet. Charged droplets are separated by one or more uncharged 'guard droplets' to minimize electrostatic repulsion between neighbouring droplets.The charged droplets pass through another electrostatic field and are directed (deflected) by electrostatic deflection plates to print on the receptor material (substrate), or allowed to continue on undeflected to a collection gutter for re-use. The more highly charged droplets are deflected to a greater degree.

Only a small fraction of the droplets is used to print, the majority being recycled.CIJ is one of the oldest ink jet technologies in use and is fairly mature. The major advantages are the very high velocity (≈20 m/s) of the ink droplets, which allows for a relatively long distance between print head and substrate, and the very high drop ejection frequency, allowing for very high speed printing. Another advantage is freedom from nozzle clogging as the jet is always in use, therefore allowing solvents such as and alcohols to be employed, giving the ink the ability to 'bite' into the substrate and dry quickly. The ink system requires active solvent regulation to counter solvent evaporation during the time of flight (time between nozzle ejection and gutter recycling), and from the venting process whereby air that is drawn into the gutter along with the unused drops is vented from the reservoir.

Viscosity is monitored and a solvent (or solvent blend) is added to counteract solvent loss.Drop-on-demand Drop-on-demand (DOD) is divided into thermal DOD and piezoelectric DOD. A Canon inkjet with cartridgesMost consumer inkjet printers, including those from (FINE Cartridge system), and, use the thermal inkjet process. The idea of using thermal excitation to move tiny drops of ink was developed independently by two groups at roughly the same time: John Vaught and a team at Hewlett-Packard's Corvallis Division, and Canon engineer Ichiro Endo. Initially, in 1977, Endo's team was trying to use the effect to move ink out of the nozzle but noticed that ink shot out of a syringe when it was accidentally heated with a soldering iron. Vaught's work started in late 1978 with a project to develop fast, low-cost printing.

The team at HP found that thin-film resistors could produce enough heat to fire an ink droplet. Two years later the HP and Canon teams found out about each other's work.In the thermal inkjet process, the print cartridges consist of a series of tiny chambers, each containing a heater, all of which are constructed. To eject a droplet from each chamber, a pulse of current is passed through the heating element causing a rapid vaporization of the ink in the chamber and forming a bubble, which causes a large pressure increase, propelling a droplet of ink onto the paper (hence Canon's of Bubble Jet). The ink's, as well as the condensation and resultant contraction of the vapor bubble, pulls a further charge of ink into the chamber through a narrow channel attached to an ink reservoir. The inks involved are usually water-based and use either or as the colorant. The inks must have a volatile component to form the vapor bubble; otherwise droplet ejection cannot occur. As no special materials are required, the print head is generally cheaper to produce than in other inkjet technologies.Piezoelectric DOD.

Piezoelectric printing nozzle of an EPSON C20 printer.Most commercial and industrial inkjet printers and some consumer printers (those produced by and ) use a in an ink-filled chamber behind each nozzle instead of a heating element. When a voltage is applied, the piezoelectric material changes shape, generating a pressure pulse in the fluid, which forces a droplet of ink from the nozzle. Piezoelectric (also called Piezo) inkjet allows a wider variety of inks than thermal inkjet as there is no requirement for a volatile component, and no issue with kogation (buildup of ink residue), but the print heads are more expensive to manufacture due to the use of piezoelectric material (usually PZT, ).A DOD process uses software that directs the heads to apply between zero and eight droplets of ink per dot, only where needed. Piezo inkjet technology is often used on production lines to mark products. For instance, the 'use-before' date is often applied to products with this technique; in this application the head is stationary and the product moves past. This application requires a relatively large gap between the print head and the substrate, but also yields a high speed, a long service life, and low.Ink formulations The basic problem with inkjet inks is the conflicting requirements for a coloring agent that will stay on the surface vs. Rapid dispersement of the carrier fluid.

Desktop inkjet printers, as used in offices or at home, tend to use based on a mixture of water,. These inks are inexpensive to manufacture, but are difficult to control on the surface of media, often requiring specially coated media. HP inks contain sulfonated polyazo black dye (commonly used for dyeing ), nitrates and other compounds. Aqueous inks are mainly used in printers with thermal inkjet heads, as these heads require water to perform.While aqueous inks often provide the broadest and most vivid color, most are not waterproof without specialized coating or after printing. Most -based inks, while usually the least expensive, are subject to rapid fading when exposed to light or ozone.based aqueous inks are typically more costly but provide much better long-term durability and resistance. Inks marketed as ' are usually pigment-based.Some professional wide format printers use aqueous inks, but the majority in professional use today employ a much wider range of inks, most of which require piezo inkjet heads and extensive maintenance:Solvent inks The main ingredient of these inks are, organic chemical compounds that have high. Color is achieved with pigments rather than dyes for excellent fade-resistance.

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The chief advantage of solvent inks is that they are comparatively inexpensive and enable printing on flexible, uncoated substrates, which are used to produce vehicle graphics, billboards, banners and adhesive decals. Disadvantages include the vapour produced by the solvent and the need to dispose of used solvent. Unlike most aqueous inks, prints made using solvent-based inks are generally waterproof and -resistant without special over-coatings.

The high print speed of many solvent printers demands special drying equipment, usually a combination of heaters and blowers. The substrate is usually heated immediately before and after the print heads apply ink. Solvent inks are divided into two sub-categories: hard solvent ink offers the greatest durability without specialized over-coatings but requires specialized ventilation of the printing area to avoid exposure to hazardous fumes, while Mild or 'Eco' solvent inks, while still not as safe as aqueous inks, are intended for use in enclosed spaces without specialized ventilation of the printing area. Mild solvent inks have rapidly gained popularity in recent years as their color quality and durability have increased while ink cost has dropped significantly. UV-curable inks These inks consist mainly of acrylic with an initiator package.

After printing, the ink is by exposure to strong UV-light. Ink is exposed to UV radiation where a chemical reaction takes place where the photo-initiators cause the ink components to cross-link into a solid. Typically a shuttered mercury-vapor lamp or UV LED is used for the curing process. Curing processes with high power for short periods of times (microseconds) allow curing inks on thermally sensitive substrates. UV inks do not evaporate, but rather cure or set as a result from this chemical reaction. No material is evaporated or removed, which means about 100% of the delivered volume is used to provide coloration.

This reaction happens very quickly, which leads to instant drying that results in a completely cured graphic in a matter of seconds. This also allows for a very fast print process. As a result of this instant chemical reaction no solvents penetrate the substrate once it comes off the printer, which allows for high quality prints. The advantage of UV-curable inks is that they 'dry' as soon as they are cured, they can be applied to a wide range of uncoated substrates, and they produce a very robust image. Disadvantages are that they are expensive, require expensive curing modules in the printer, and the cured ink has a significant volume and so gives a slight relief on the surface. Though improvements are being made in the technology, UV-curable inks, because of their volume, are somewhat susceptible to cracking if applied to a flexible substrate. As such, they are often used in large 'flatbed' printers, which print directly to rigid substrates such as plastic, wood or aluminium where flexibility is not a concern.

Dye sublimation inks These inks contain special and are used to print directly or indirectly on to fabrics which consist of a high percentage of fibres. A heating step causes the dyes to sublimate into the fibers and create an image with strong color and good durability. Hot melt inks These inks consist mainly of which are heated past their melting point to enable printing, and which harden upon hitting the cooled substrate. Hot melt inks are typically used for masking processes. Printing heads. Inkjet heads: disposable head (left) and fixed head (right) with ink cartridge (middle)There are two main design philosophies in inkjet head design: fixed-head and disposable head.

Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.Fixed head The fixed-head philosophy provides an inbuilt print head (often referred to as a gaiter- head) that is designed to last for the life of the printer. The idea is that because the head need not be replaced every time the ink runs out, consumable costs can be made lower and the head itself can be more precise than a cheap disposable one, typically requiring no calibration. On the other hand, if a fixed head is damaged, obtaining a replacement head can become expensive, if removing and replacing the head is even possible. If the printer's head cannot be removed, the printer itself will then need to be replaced.Fixed head designs are available in consumer products, but are more likely to be found on industrial high-end printers and large format plotters.

In the consumer space, fixed-head printers are manufactured primarily by Epson and Canon; however, many more recent Hewlett-Packard models use a fixed-head, such as the Officejet Pro 8620 and HP's Pagewide series Industrial fixed-head print heads are manufactured by these companies: Kodak Versamark, Trident, Xaar, Spectra (Dimatix), Hitachi / Ricoh, HP Scitex, Brother, Konica Minolta, Seiko Epson, and ToshibaTec (a licensee of Xaar). Disposable head.

Ink-jet cartridgesThe disposable head philosophy uses a print head which is supplied as a part of a replaceable. Every time a cartridge is exhausted, the entire cartridge and print head are replaced with a new one. This adds to the cost of and makes it more difficult to manufacture a high-precision head at a reasonable cost, but also means that a damaged or clogged print head is only a minor problem: the user can simply buy a new cartridge.

Has traditionally favoured the disposable print head, as did Canon in its early models. This type of construction can also be seen as an effort by printer manufacturers to stem third party ink cartridge assembly replacements, as these would-be suppliers don't have the ability to manufacture specialized print heads.An intermediate method does exist: a disposable ink tank connected to a disposable head, which is replaced infrequently (perhaps every tenth ink tank or so). Most high-volume Hewlett-Packard inkjet printers use this setup, with the disposable print heads used on lower volume models. A similar approach is used by, where the printhead intended for permanent use is nevertheless inexpensive and can be replaced by the user. Canon now uses (in most models) replaceable print heads which are designed to last the life of the printer, but can be replaced by the user should they become clogged.Cleaning mechanisms. Video: covering the printhead nozzles with a rubber capThe primary cause of inkjet printing problems is ink drying on the printhead's nozzles, causing the pigments and dyes to dry out and form a solid block of hardened mass that plugs the microscopic ink passageways. Most printers attempt to prevent this drying from occurring by covering the printhead nozzles with a rubber cap when the printer is not in use.

Abrupt power losses, or unplugging the printer before it has capped the printhead, can cause the printhead to be left in an uncapped state. Even when the head is capped, this seal is not perfect, and over a period of several weeks the moisture (or other solvent) can still seep out, causing the ink to dry and harden. Once ink begins to collect and harden, the drop volume can be affected, drop trajectory can change, or the nozzle can completely fail to jet ink.To combat this drying, nearly all inkjet printers include a mechanism to reapply moisture to the printhead. Typically there is no separate supply of pure ink-free solvent available to do this job, and so instead the ink itself is used to remoisten the printhead. The printer attempts to fire all nozzles at once, and as the ink sprays out, some of it wicks across the printhead to the dry channels and partially softens the hardened ink. After spraying, a rubber wiper blade is swept across the printhead to spread the moisture evenly across the printhead, and the jets are again all fired to dislodge any ink clumps blocking the channels.Some printers use a supplemental air-suction pump, using the rubber capping station to suck ink through a severely clogged cartridge.

The suction pump mechanism is frequently driven by the page feed: it is connected to the end of the shaft. The pump only engages when the shaft turns backwards, hence the rollers reversing while head cleaning. Due to the built-in head design, the suction pump is also needed to prime the ink channels inside a new printer, and to reprime the channels between ink tank changes.Professional solvent- and UV-curable ink wide-format inkjet printers generally include a 'manual clean' mode that allows the operator to manually clean the print heads and capping mechanism and to replace the wiper blades and other parts used in the automated cleaning processes.

The volume of ink used in these printers often leads to 'overspray' and therefore buildup of dried ink in many places that automated processes are not capable of cleaning.The ink consumed in the cleaning process needs to be collected to prevent ink from leaking in the printer. The collection area is called the, and in Hewlett Packard printers this is an open plastic tray underneath the cleaning/wiping station. In Epson printers, there is typically a large absorption pad in a pan underneath the paper feed platen.

For printers several years old, it is common for the dried ink in the spittoon to form a pile that can stack up and touch the printheads, jamming the printer. Some larger professional printers using solvent inks may employ a replaceable plastic receptacle to contain waste ink and solvent which must be emptied or replaced when full. Labyrinth air vent tubes on the top of an Epson Stylus Photo 5-color ink tank. The long air channels are molded into the top of the tank and the blue label seals the channels into long tubes.

The yellow label is removed prior to installation, and opens the tube ends to the atmosphere so that ink can be sprayed onto the paper. Removing the blue label would destroy the tubes and cause the moisture to quickly evaporateThere is a second type of ink drying that most printers are unable to prevent. For ink to spray from the cartridge, air must enter to displace the removed ink.

The air enters via an extremely long, thin labyrinth tube, up to 10 cm long, wrapping back and forth across the ink tank. The channel is long and narrow to reduce moisture evaporation through the vent tube, but some evaporation still occurs and eventually the ink cartridge dries up from the inside out. To combat this problem, which is especially acute with professional fast-drying solvent inks, many wide-format printer cartridge designs contain the ink in an airtight, collapsible bag that requires no vent. The bag merely shrinks until the cartridge is empty.The frequent cleaning conducted by some printers can consume quite a bit of ink and has a great impact on cost-per-page determinations.Clogged nozzles can be detected by printing a standard test pattern on the page. Some software workaround methods are known for re-routing printing information from a clogged nozzle to a working nozzle.

Advantages. This section needs additional citations for.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( May 2010) Compared to earlier consumer-oriented color printers, inkjet printers have a number of advantages. They are quieter in operation than impact. They can print finer, smoother details through higher resolution.

Consumer inkjet printers with photographic-quality printing are widely available.In comparison to technologies like, and, inkjets have the advantage of practically no warm up time, and often lower cost per page. However, low-cost laser printers can have lower per-page costs, at least for black-and-white printing, and possibly for color.For some inkjet printers, monochrome ink sets are available either from the printer manufacturer or from third-party suppliers. These allow the inkjet printer to compete with the silver-based photographic papers traditionally used in black-and-white photography, and provide the same range of tones: neutral, 'warm' or 'cold'. When switching between full-color and monochrome ink sets, it is necessary to flush out the old ink from the print head with a. Special software or at least a modified are usually required, to deal with the different.Some types of industrial inkjet printers are now capable of printing at very high speeds, in wide formats, or for a variety of industrial applications ranging from signage, textiles, ceramics and 3-D printing into biomedical applications and conductive circuitry.

Inkjet Printer

Leading companies and innovators in hardware include HP, Epson, Canon, Konica Minolta, FujiFilm, EFi, Durst, Brother, Roland, Mimaki, Mutoh and many others worldwide.Disadvantages. This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's of the subject. Please into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material.

( August 2012)Many 'intelligent' ink cartridges contain a that communicates the estimated ink level to the printer; this may cause the printer to display an error message, or incorrectly inform the user that the ink cartridge is empty. In some cases, these messages can be ignored, but some inkjet printers will refuse to print with a cartridge that declares itself empty, to prevent consumers from refilling cartridges.

For example, embeds a chip which prevents printing when the chip claims the cartridge is empty, although a researcher who the system found that in one case he could print up to 38% more good quality pages, even though the chip stated that the cartridge was empty. Third-party ink suppliers sell ink cartridges at significant discounts (at least 10−30% off OEM cartridge prices, sometimes up to 95%, typically averaging around 50%), and also bulk ink and cartridge at even lower prices. Many vendors' 'intelligent' ink cartridges have been. It is now possible to buy inexpensive devices to reliably reset such cartridges to report themselves as full, so that they may be refilled many times.The very narrow inkjet nozzles are prone to clogging. The ink consumed cleaning them—either during cleaning invoked by the user, or in many cases, performed automatically by the printer on a routine schedule—can account for a significant proportion of the ink used in the machine.

Inkjet printing head nozzles can be cleaned using specialized solvents; or by soaking in warm distilled water for short periods of time, for water-soluble inks.The high cost of OEM ink cartridges and the intentional obstacles to refilling them have been addressed by the growth of third-party ink suppliers. Many printer manufacturers discourage customers from using third-party inks, stating that they can damage the print heads due to not being the same formulation as the OEM inks, cause leaks, and produce inferior-quality output (e.g.

Of incorrect color gamut). Has noted that some third-party cartridges may contain less ink than OEM cartridges, and thus yield no cost savings, while claims that with third-party inks the lifetime of prints may be considerably reduced. However, an April 2007 review showed that, in a test, reviewers generally preferred the output produced using third-party ink over OEM ink.

In general, OEM inks have undergone significant system reliability testing with the cartridge and print-head materials, whereas R&D efforts on third-party ink material compatibility are likely to be significantly less. Some inkjet manufacturers have tried to prevent cartridges being refilled using various schemes including fitting chips to the cartridges that log how much the cartridge has printed and prevent the operation of a refilled cartridge.The warranty on a printer may not apply if the printer is damaged by the use of non-approved supplies. In the US the is a federal law which states that warrantors cannot require that only brand name parts and supplies be used with their products, as some printer manufacturers imply. However, this would not apply if non-approved items cause damage. In the UK, a printer manufacturer cannot lawfully impose such conditions as part of its warranty (Regina Vs Ford Motor Company refers) although many attempt to do so illegally. As long as the product used was sold as being for the printer it was used in, then the sale of goods act applies, and anything so sold must be 'of merchandisable quality and fit for purpose'.

Moreover, under UK law, it is the retailer and not the manufacturer that is legally liable, for 2 years on electrically operated items specifically, and as such the retailer is where one would seek redress. Durability. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( May 2019) Inkjet documents can have poor to excellent durability, depending on the quality of the inks and paper used. If low-quality paper is used, it can yellow and degrade due to residual in the untreated pulp; in the worst case, old prints can literally crumble into small particles when handled. High-quality inkjet prints on can last as long as typewritten or handwritten documents on the same paper.Because the ink used in many low-cost consumer inkjets is water-soluble, care must be taken with inkjet-printed documents to avoid even the smallest drop of moisture, which can cause severe 'blurring' or 'running'. In extreme cases, even sweaty fingertips during hot humid weather could cause low-quality inks to smear.

Similarly, water-based markers can blur inkjet-printed documents and discolor the highlighter's tip. The lifetime of inkjet prints produced using aqueous inks is generally shorter (although UV-resistant inks are available) than those produced with solvent-based inkjets; however, so-called 'archival inks' have been produced for use in aqueous-based machines which offer extended life.In addition to smearing, gradual fading of many inks can be a problem over time. Print lifetime is highly dependent on the quality and formulation of the ink.

The earliest inkjet printers, intended for home and small office applications, used dye-based inks. Even the best dye-based inks are not as durable as pigment-based inks, which are now available for many inkjet printers.

Many inkjet printers now utilize pigment based inks which are highly water resistant: at least the black ink is often pigment-based. Resin or silicone protected photopaper is widely available at low cost, introducing complete water and mechanical rub resistance for dye and pigment inks. The photopaper itself must be designed for pigment or for dye inks, as pigment particles are too large to be able to penetrate through dye-only photopaper protection layer.The highest-quality inkjet prints are often called ' prints, to distinguish them from less-durable and lower-cost prints.

However, the use of the term is no guarantee of quality, and the inks and used must be carefully investigated before an archivist can rely on their long-term durability.To increase the durability of inkjet printer prints, more attention is needed for the inkjet ink cartridge. One way to treat ink cartridges on an inkjet printer is to maintain the temperature of the printer itself. Excessive variation in space temperature is very bad for printer ink cartridges. The user should prevent the printer becoming too hot or too chilly as the cartridges can dry up. For lasting printer efficiency, the user should ensure the area has a regular and steady temperature level.

Operating cost tradeoffs. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( April 2012) Inkjets use solvent-based inks which have much shorter expiration dates compared to laser toner, which has an indefinite shelf life. Inkjet printers tend to clog if not used regularly, whereas laser printers are much more tolerant of intermittent use. Inkjet printers require periodical head cleaning, which consumes a considerable amount of ink, and will drive printing costs higher especially if the printer is unused for long periods.If an inkjet head becomes clogged, third-party ink solvents/head cleaners and replacement heads are available in some cases. The cost of such items may be less expensive compared to a transfer unit for a laser printer, but the laser printer unit has a much longer lifetime between required maintenance. Many inkjet printer models now have permanently installed heads, which cannot be economically replaced if they become irreversibly clogged, resulting in scrapping of the entire printer.

On the other hand, inkjet printer designs which use a disposable printhead usually cost significantly more per page than printers using permanent heads. By contrast, laser printers do not have printheads to clog or replace frequently, and usually can produce many more pages between maintenance intervals.Inkjet printers have traditionally produced better quality output than color laser printers when printing photographic material.

Both technologies have improved dramatically over time, although the best quality prints favored by artists use what is essentially a high-quality specialized type of inkjet printer.Business model. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012. Faulkner, A. 'Biological cell printing technologies'. Nanotechnology Perceptions.

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92: 1410–1415.Cite error: A named 'Auto5I-6' is not used in the content (see the ).Cite error: A named 'Auto5I-26' is not used in the content (see the ).Further reading. Hutchings, Ian M.; Martin, Graham D., eds.

(December 2012). Cambridge: Wiley.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to and., information video from the.